Career Development

The Workgroup wishes to contribute to the creation of a Europe-wide labor market for young scientists, to the appropriate adaptation of training and the new career opportunities in Europe.

Careers in science and technology should not only be made more appealing in terms of salaries; a higher level of autonomy and responsibility is also necessary to make scientific professions more attractive, inasmuch as in most disciplines significant scientific progress is driven by younger scientists. This criterion should be explicit in job descriptions. In this respect, moves towards federating scientific job banks on a European basis ö some of them are operating on a national basis, while others cover regional or national disciplinary needs, in particular in engineering sciences ö should be encouraged.

The need to train young scientists in more diversified fields of expertise has been stressed by many analysts. The problem however should not be viewed as a simple necessity to adapt training of young scientists to market needs. Training and education require long term planning and strategies which are usually incompatible with the short term perception of market trends. Reappraisal of educational and training schemes in Europe must proceed, not as a function of short term constraints, but according to the increasing and general demand for diversified know-how and expertise. Complementarities should not be defined a priori, but new schemes should primarily develop intellectual abilities and processes of thought at least as much as thematic specialization. Young scientists should be trained to explain, not just what they are doing, but what they are aiming at and the rationale for selecting any given research strategy.

If appropriately implemented, application of the Bologna protocol (LMD) may represent a unique chance for European educational schemes to overcome their traditional handicaps. It should make it possible to increase earlier mobility, and to impulse more European training trajectories as soon as the level of graduate studies. In several disciplines, as Life Sciences for instance, proper diversification of training schemes will also depend upon increased international shared infrastructures devoted to both research and training.

Diversification should be promoted even at the expense of doctoral "productivity". This may meet resistance from tutors, who increasingly tend to consider PhD students as cheap manpower receiving highly specialized expertise in exchange for their work power. This trend however is not beneficial to young scientists and overspecializes them on topics of more interest to their training laboratory than to their professional perspectives.

Applications are up for M.B.A. programs

There was stronger competition to get into business schools this year, with M.B.A. programs reporting increased applications to both full- and part-time programs, according to a study released Monday.

Applications increased to about two-thirds of full-time master's in business administration programs in the United States in 2006, compared with 21 percent that reported an increase in 2005, according to the Graduate Management Admission Council. About two-thirds of part-time and executive M.B.A.s - programs for older students with more work experience - also showed increases.

The trend does not prove that more students are applying to graduate business programs, because individual applicants could simply be applying to more schools. But other GMAC data suggest that more registered for the Graduate Management Admission Test business school entrance exam than last year and that those who did sent their scores to fewer schools, which bolsters the case that more people are applying.

Demand for M.B.A. slots can be countercyclical, because people often try to attend business school during an economic downturn, hoping to graduate when things pick up. When the economy is extremely hot, people may be unwilling to forgo earnings to return to school.

But GMAC's president and chief executive officer, David Wilson, said that the economy was now well-balanced and that the job market for M.B.A.s was strong.

A survey by the group released in May found the average starting salary for M.B.A. graduates rose 4.2 percent to more than $92,000.

"There were more recruiters coming to campus, and there were more offers than they had the year before," Wilson said. "One of the real drivers for registration and test-takers is evidence on the back end a graduate is going to get a job."

Much of the increased demand is coming internationally, with three-quarters of U.S. programs reporting an increase in foreign applications. But growing competition from overseas also is affecting U.S. programs - 62 percent of programs outside the country are reporting an increase in applications.

In Europe, 61 percent of GMAT test-takers sent their scores to U.S. programs in 2001, but last year only 47 percent did.

"You're seeing significant players in Europe," Wilson said. "The same in India, China, Thailand. You're starting to see a real global marketplace out there where people are thinking of going to schools other than in the U.S."

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